Thursday, August 27, 2020

There are many similarities between looking for a rain god and Veronica Essay Example

There are numerous similitudes between searching for a downpour god and Veronica Paper I concur with the announcement above, There are numerous similitudes between Looking for a downpour god and Veronica. Both of the narratives are written such that brings the peruser into the accounts picture, the other likeness is that of the topics. The subjects, which the two stories incorporate, are those of destitution, confinement, demise and weakness. The two stories are set in nations and spots, which are far expelled from our own in separation and culture adding to the likenesses between the two. Anyway these subjects are introduced in various manners, both giving a comparable impression. There is a blend of key components, which cause the two stories to vary in the manner they are introduced; in structure, characterisation, utilization of language and exchange. These distinctions are utilized to give us the peruser an assorted and more noteworthy comprehension of how the different subjects work in the various stories. As in every single great story topics are utilized assistance us to comprehend the characters and the creator on a more profound level. The most clear subject in Veronica and Looking For A Rain God is that of separation and separation. The land, which Bessie Head (essayist of Looking For A downpour God) depicts, is one that is cut off from the remainder of the world and at last forlorn. The initial line passes on this well We will compose a custom exposition test on There are numerous likenesses between searching for a downpour god and Veronica explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on There are numerous likenesses between searching for a downpour god and Veronica explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on There are numerous similitudes between searching for a downpour god and Veronica explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It is forlorn at the terrains where individuals go to furrow Bessie Head (The essayist of Looking For A Rain God) utilizes the primary section to set a scene of separation and seclusion. This is done to attempt to assist us with picking up knowledge and comprehend the circumstance and characters. Adewale Maja-Pearce or Okeke (The author of Veronica) likewise attempts to utilize the topic of disengagement and separation to help comprehend the story better. In spite of the fact that as opposed to Looking For A Rain God it is for a progressively close to home explanation, halfway to comprehend his companions activities. When Okeke comes back to Veronica just because in the wake of turning into a specialist he is stunned at how little has changed. Veronica isn't so stunned and despite the fact that her words may sound blaming they in certainty uncover a degree of comprehension of her segregation. She says basically to Okeke I am still here, as you left me. The authors have been raised in regions inaccessible to our own and the western world. The disconnection they talk about appears to be stunning and outrageous to us, yet the authors are progressively worried about the impacts of living in seclusion. This detachment that the two essayists attempt to handle achieves a powerlessness the two of them feel towards the various circumstances. In Veronica Okeke is going to move away to the city and needs Veronica to tail him there as he feels vulnerable to the reality she is stuck in a steady pattern of misery. He attempts to convince her to accompany him, yet there is continually something disrupting the general flow. When requested to go to the city she answers pointedly No, the city is for you, not me. What will I do once I arrive? I have no capabilities, not even Standard Six. This is rather than LFARG as it appears as though there is no answer for the multi year dry spell. Bessie discusses how such a minuscule town whos economy depends exclusively on cultivating as the fundamental wellspring of cash can endure. She expounds on the powerlessness and developing concern No one comprehended what to do to get away from the warmth and disaster that was noticeable all around The topics in the two stories help to shape the tone, making it serious and sorry. The narratives convey such a tone in light of the fact that the two storytellers maybe feel an underlining blame for what occurred, joined by an inclination that they would not have acted contrastingly on the off chance that it had transpired. Bessie Head makes her perspectives understood when she composes Be that as it may, all individuals who lived off harvests knew in their souls that solitary a hairs expansiveness spared them from sharing a comparable destiny. In Veronica to the scene where Veronica will not go to the city, the essayist concedes that he comprehended her perspective. Be that as it may, he was as yet angry as he composes In spite of the fact that I knew there was a ton of truth in what she said I hated her contentions. There is a comparable setting in Veronica and Looking For A Rain God which may clarify why they share numerous conspicuous topics. This can be disclosed because of the way that they are the two stories taken from authors who have lived in a disengaged and inaccessible spot. In any case, this can over shadow the way that the two stories vary extraordinarily by they way they present comparative however limitlessly various thoughts. The structure is altogether different in the Looking For A Rain God to Veronica. Bessie Head composes the story from a third individual account and is depicts a residents perspective on story, which gives us a more extensive knowledge. Searching For A Rain God is part into three segments; the first makes a foundation to the story and a short picture of what life resembles, the second recounts to the tale of the family, at long last the third examinations what has occurred and depicts its impact on the town. Veronica, in correlation, isn't so confounded in structure; rather it centers exclusively around the connection between the author and Veronica, finishing off with her demise. The story is for the most part told utilizing exchange and a touch of account, it is composed uniquely in the principal individual. The utilization of discourse seperates the two stories, as it gives Veronica an additional profundity to the characters and leaves more to be deciphered by the peruser. The language in Looking For A Rain God contrasted with Veronica is far more extravagant, depicting in detail the noteworthy components of the story. This progresses in the direction of setting a more profound foundation compensating for the absence of individual touch. For example Bessie Head depicts the land multiple times in the initial passage. The language in Veronica is immediate, with the Okeke letting the activities which happen recount to the story as opposed to him, again demonstrating a further readiness for the story to be deciphered unreservedly. This functions as he doesn't compose with a specific view rather simply his journals. The Narrative is the primary motivation behind why the tales are observably introduced in an unexpected way. Veronica is written in the main individual story, as the essayist really experienced what he is expounding on, so we see it through his eyes. His thought processes recorded as a hard copy the story loan well to a first individual account, as he needs to examinations what occurred among him and Veronica. So by going over his activities and discourse he can all the more likely see how he felt about her. As opposed to the story being just about veronica it is rather about what Okeke did or said corresponding to her. Again as in Veronica the story is directed in Looking For A Rain God by the points of the essayist. Bessie Head wishes to pass on a method of demonstrating the impacts of confinement and separation when a significant fiasco occurs and what the suggestions for that can be. The third individual story likewise helps Bessie Head, pass on the mind boggling blend of old conventions and new ones, additionally to examinations that. As none of what happens included her she expounds on it as a passerby to the story and offering her clarifications. As the title of this paper says there are numerous likenesses among Veronica and Looking For A Rain God. Yet, the account and points of the two scholars implies these thoughts are introduced in various manners.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Simmel Sociability Essay -- Sociology

The issue of current recreation has, consistently, been an all around talked about subject among numerous sociologists. Friendliness, for this situation, is one of the most general types of relaxation that will be talked about in this article. The hypothetical system for this conversation is given by the sociological bits of knowledge of Georg Simmel (1858-1918) as he contends that the â€Å"tumult of the metropolis† (refered to in Frisby 1989, p80) makes internal obstructions among individuals and recommends that â€Å"sociability† can outperform this issue. As indicated by Frisby (1989), Simmel states that the city life has changed the battle with nature for job into a battle with other individuals for gain. This is additionally talked about as Frisby (1989) and Giulianotti (2005) depicts how amiability can rise above this issue as per Simmel’s friendliness hypothesis. Let’s start by characterizing what friendliness is. As indicated by Simmel, amiability is ‘the unadulterated structure, the free-playing interfacing reliance of individuals’ that is ‘freed from substance’ (Simmel as refered to in Frisby 1989, p.87). It is along these lines situated complet...

Friday, August 21, 2020

Why Do People Write Research Papers?

Why Do People Write Research Papers?Why do people write research papers? They may be given as homework in college or university, or you may be required to produce such for a particular job. Whatever the reason, these research papers are a large undertaking and require a great deal of time and effort on your part.People who write research papers are tasked with evaluating an idea, finding sources of information, and completing the research necessary to make their point. The written product may be either a short report or a full-length report. Both types of reports require thorough planning.There are various levels of complexity that must be considered before writing your research report. It's not enough to just think of something. You have to come up with examples of previous work, and compare them to the paper you're about to write. This will help you determine what is being said by the author, as well as to determine how closely you'll need to match it to your work.Writing a report is a relatively large task, and requires patience and a good knowledge of the rules of grammar and word usage. If you've never tried to write a report before, it's a good idea to get some assistance from an experienced writer. This can make the process go more smoothly. Just be careful not to let your feelings get in the way of professional judgment.Why do people write research papers? Often, people feel overwhelmed by the magnitude of the assignment they're given and cannot decide what to write or what they should say. This can leave the person writing the report at a loss as to what to do.Why do people write research papers? They can be used for a variety of purposes, from communicating their ideas to a fellow researcher, to assessing their own career potential. It can also be a great way to teach people about new ideas, new issues, and new developments in their fields.Why do people write research papers? While a group of students in college may be given extensive research paper a ssignments, there are plenty of other people who will be writing reports on a regular basis. By doing research, you're not only gathering information, but you're preparing yourself for the future, as well.Writing a research paper is a complicated process. However, the end result can be worth it. Not only will you be very proud of your research paper, but you'll also find yourself preparing for the future.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, and a Healthy Gross...

Economic Health/Fiscal Policies and Federal Reserve/Monetary Policies Paper Understanding Gross Domestic product is central for understanding the business cycle and the progression of long-run economic growth (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 631). The GDP is defined as the value-added of all goods and services produced in a given period of time within the United States (2008). The GDP is widely used as an gauge economic wellness and health of the country. What the GDP represents has a hefty impact on nearly everyone within our economy. As an example, when the economy is healthy, you will usually see wage increases and low unemployment as businesses demand labor to meet the increasing economy. The government has two types of economic†¦show more content†¦Non-economic reasons can include factors such as drought, war, man-made and natural disasters. When the economy expands: unemployment decreases, inflation begins to increase and the real GDP rises. In contrast, when the economy contracts: unemployment increases, inflation decreases and the GDP falls. Role of Government Bodies in Determining National Fiscal Policies Fiscal policy is the use of a government’s taxing, debt, and spending authority for the purpose of influencing economic growth. Congress and the president share responsibility for economic policy with the Federal Reserve (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 929). The government can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011). The government uses fiscal policy to make changes in government purchases and taxes, to achieve policy goals. The price level and the levels Gross Domestic Product and total employment in the economy rely on the collective demand and short term aggregate supply. The government can both aggregate demand and collective supply through fiscal policy (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 900). Fiscal policies can influence the economy’s production and employment. For example, since the government controls the central bank, it may be tempted right before an election to increase the money supply and drive down interest rates to increase production andShow MoreRelatedThe Great Recession Of 20081691 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with the changes in fiscal and monetary policies. Furthermore, many economists believe that the increase of excess monetary and government irresponsibility led to the overall crisis in the mid to late 2000’s. Some economists believe that the oversupply of monetary contributed to the 2008 crisis due to low interest rate targets that were substantially below the monetary requirement. In this paper I will discuss the effects of the changes in monetary and fiscal policies that altered the economyRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Of India1718 Words   |  7 PagesForeign Direct Investment in India Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment is the investment of a country domestic assets into foreign structures, equipment and organizations, but does not include investment into stock markets. Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (direct investor) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest impliesRead MoreThe Great Recession Lasted From December Of 2007 Until1229 Words   |  5 Pageslongest recession since World War II. During this time, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and interest rates were all greatly affected. The previously mentioned metrics are used to compare today’s economy to the economy during the Great Recession to see how the United States has rebounded since 2009. Monetary and fiscal policies were also implemented to combat the recession, and their effects determine whether or not the policies hav e a lasting effect in continuing to help the U.SRead MoreThe Real Gross Domestic Product1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) is a measure with inflation adjusted that considers the value of all goods and services manufactured in a designated year, which is indicated in a base year prices. This is also known as the inflation corrected GDP, or constant dollar GDP. On the other hand, a figure that has not been adjusted for inflation is known at the Nominal Gross Domestic Product (NGDP). Also known as the current dollar GDP. A GDP is the one figure that indicates the health of a country’sRead MoreInterest Rates And Monetary Policy1712 Words   |  7 Pagestheir debt obligations. Interest rates are extremely important in monetary policy, which is an economic process that has a specific fiscal authority that controls the supply of money in a given country. An example of a monetary authority is the central banks of countries, which typically try to redu ce the countries interest rates when they wish to increase investment and consumption. However, a low interest rate as a macro-economic policy can be risky and may lead to the creation of an economic bubbleRead MoreCurrent Macroeconomic Conditions Of Australia969 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing, such as gross domestic product, consumer price index and labor force. Macroeconomic indicators Gross Domestic Product Firstly, GDP is a central concept in macroeconomics in Australia. â€Å"GDP is the market value of all final good and services produced in a country during a period of time.† (Hubbard et al. 2015). GDP includes consumption, investment, government purchases and net exports. And it is a measurement of a nation’s overall economic activity. The gross domestic product is usually usedRead MoreFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 Pagesas Keynesian economics, often referred to as Keynesian theory or Keynesianism. However, in this paper, we will discuss what macroeconomics is, variables that make a healthy economy, the goals of macroeconomic policy and how the goals might conflict, the differences between fiscal policy and monetary policy, and other types of policies. According to Webster’s dictionary Macroeconomics is defined as a study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of outputRead MoreEssay on Government Spending, Deficits, and Keynesian Economics1236 Words   |  5 PagesSince higher interest rates are believed to reduce investment, and because investment is necessary for long-run economic growth, proponents of this view also known as deficit hawks emphasize that avoiding deficits should be the primary goal of fiscal policy. Yes, the reason for the high budget deficit matter because many economists feels as though this will eventually affect our children and/or even our grandchildren. Not only that we must know how to budget the money. The government needs toRead MoreImpact Of Economic Growth On The Economy Of Japan1372 Words   |  6 Pagesinward streaming revenue. Policymakers created key errors while struggling to swing the structure of their balance sheets. Economic growth in Japan has been predicted to reach 1.0% in 2017 before slowing down to 0.8% in 2018. At the moment fiscal consolidation (a policy aimed at reducing government deficits and debt accumulation) has stopped, which should aid Japan in dealing with the impact of the appreciating yen. Though there has been a decline in business investment, private consumption is still addingRead MoreInternational Trade Affect The Economic Activity By Resources And Consumer Preferences880 Words   |  4 Pagescountries. The president has influence on the economy with the support of congress. Congress ensures the economy is stable. The Federal Reserve stimulates the economy by regulating the nation’s financial institutions and dictates economic and monetary policies. The president and congress stimulates the economy by creating more job opportunities with tax credits, tax cuts, and funding governments. Tax credits are provided to businesses that would allow the businesses to add more jobs which would benefit

Friday, May 15, 2020

Definition And Definition Of Leadership - 1426 Words

In chapter one, the concept and definition of leadership was introduced and according to the text, more than one hundred definitions of leadership have been identified by scholars and academic studies. What is clear is that leadership requires certain skills and traits of an individual that give them the ability to influence others in a way that motivates them to work toward and accomplish a common objective and goal effectively. While most traits seem to be somewhat inborn and natural to most leaders, it is true that others can be taught and develop the skills over time. Traits. Through behavior and communication, a leader will develop a relationship with their followers that is either negative or positive. Much of this is determined by the type of leadership the individual practices, as well as, the social and emotional intelligence attributes the leader processes. Six different types of leadership approaches have been identified; trait approach, behavior approach, situational approach, new leadership approach, and the emerging leadership approach. The trait approach is greatly attributed to emotional intelligence. An example of a leader with this approach would be an individual who is extroverted, agreeable, conscientious, open, and neurotic. Leadership can also employ observable behaviors. The behavior approach is based on the employment of two different types of behavior: †¢ Task Behaviors-Leaders engage in planning, creating agendas, and organizingShow MoreRelatedDefinition Of Leadership And Leadership2173 Words   |  9 PagesDefinition of leadership Leadership is defined as the art of getting people to do what they may not want to do on their own. It may involve getting people do things that seem to be against their own self-interest and a leader uses various tools to achieve their goals. Yet another definition of leadership is from the US Army, for over two hundred years the US Army has produced leaders who have led its organization and later gone on to become President of the United States. They continue to produceRead MoreLeadership Definition830 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine leadership? (250 words maximum) There are several ways to define leadership. A process that influences other people to achieve an objective and guides the company or community in a way to make it more coherent and cohesive is called leadership. We can also define leadership as a process of leading people in the right direction in order to achieve goals. Leaders apply leadership attributes such as values, knowledge and skills to implement this process in any organization. Leadership ensuresRead MoreDefinition of Leadership544 Words   |  2 PagesA reflection paper Leadership can be defined as a process where one individual influences one or more individuals to work towards a common goal (Northouse, 2009). I am passionate about leadership and this is what I currently do. I am an active duty professional with more than 33 years experience in the military. I have trained, cared for, motivated and led about 7,000 soldiers in various operations during my active duty years. My aim is to ensure that all the soldiers under my command are equippedRead MoreThe Definition Of Leadership By Daft1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of leadership described by Daft (2010) and Rost (1991), is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes (Puente, 2013). In a business definition, leadership is defined as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members (Leader ship vs. Management, n.d.). The definition of management describedRead MoreThe s Definition Of Leadership1072 Words   |  5 PagesHomework MG401 Chapt. 1 2 (1) Compare and contrast Murphy’s definition of leadership with that provided by Bass. Murphy’s definition of leadership stems around the idea that leadership is situational, in which the leader, follower, and situation are all influenced by the other, and that through this interaction and relationships, a leader emerges and leads towards the achievement of a goal (Murphy, 1941). Bass suggests that leadership is more clearly decided by physiological characteristics thatRead MoreThe Definition Of Effective Leadership1520 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition of effective leadership Most historians rank George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Theodore Roosevelt as America’s finest leaders. Agreement on their quality is so strong, in fact, that in the 1920s, their likenesses were immortalized on Mount Rushmore, which has since become an iconic symbol of great leadership. On the other end of the spectrum, Warren G. Harding, Pierce, James Buchanan, and George W. Bush are ranked as among our worst leaders. Herbert Hoover, JohnRead MoreIs The Common Definition Of Leadership?1483 Words   |  6 Pages1. The common definition of leadership that has been taught throughout the Coast Guard is â€Å"You influencing others to achieve a goal†. When boiling it down to the most simplistic form, that definition is sufficient. The problem with that definition is that it is very vague. It doesn’t quantify how well the goal was achieved, or what type of influence was used to achieve it. A leader can easily use negative motivation to achieve a goal, but the quality of the completed product may not be as highRead MoreLeadership Definitions Of Leadership As A Leader1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"what is leadership?†. Many people question what this term means as it is a fundamental skill which is required in the workforce (Avery, 2004). Leaders hip definitions have been approached in various ways with many authors relating to the nature of leadership rather than distinctively defining the term itself (Antonakis, Cianciolo, Sternberg, 2004 cited in Northouse, 2014). Many factors contribute to the meaning of leadership; behaviours, influences and theories all add to the definition of leadershipRead MoreA Definition Of Leadership Best1115 Words   |  5 Pagescan do what I cannot do. I can do what you cannot do. Together we can do great things.† Searching for a definition of leadership can be best served when drawing upon experiences from some of the world’s greatest leaders. For me, it is Mother Theresa who has defined the idea of leadership best. It may seem a bit cliche to quote her when addressing the particular topic, but no one has set a definition more true than Mother Theresa herself. It is the mere act of leading by example that can propel leadersRead MoreEssay on Leadership Definition1889 Words   |   8 PagesLeadership Definition There are lots of definitions and interpretations for the term LEADERSHIP. One is â€Å"A relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people† (Mullins, L.J. 2002, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, FT Publishing, p904). Another popular definition would be, â€Å"the process of influencing an organization or groups within an organization in its efforts towards achieving a goal† (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2005, Exploring

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1483 Words

Alaysia Lewis Powell Pre AP English 20 April 2015 The Crucible Research Paper The play The Crucible written by Arthur Miller, withholds many conflicts that arise resulting in many themes as well. Such as weight, Reputation, and Good vs. Evil. These themes form from the Salem witch trials. Repeatedly people become accused of witchcraft, throughout the play this continues to drag out due to the people of Salem’s accusations and deceit for one another. The play continues to move to a tense and moving climax resulting in the death of many prominent people of Salem. The play contains the primary theme of weight as a way to reveal characters motives within the play. In the play Giles Corey refuses to confess. Due to this many stones are placed upon his chest causing for him to say â€Å"More Weight† (Miller 944), rather than confess. This quote shows how Giles asks for more weight with the stones because he would rather die than ruin his reputation. Giles also knows that control needs to come in his life in some way, so by h im asking for more weight showed the officials that his life in his own hands rather than theirs. Miller reveals how Giles would symbolically resemble a Christ like figure because of the weight of truth he bare upon himself to die with his soul pure. He declares more weight keeps his faith rather than deceive God by false confessing when bound for death. The theme of weight is viewed as a burden. For examples. Parris asks Abigail to feel the â€Å"†¦Weight of truth†Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communis t allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with thre e types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be the

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Learning and Communicating Online

Question: Discuss how your experiences as a consumer, produce and sharer of information in the online world have assisted you in developing 21st Century skills and provide examples that demonstrate this. Discuss how the development of an informational resource, or your work in the discussion board, has helped you understand how to evaluate the credibility of online sources in an academic environment. Identify some of the advantages and limitations of working collaboratively in an online community and reflect on how you might exploit advantages and overcome the limitations. Answer: The purpose of preparing this essay is to assess the importance of the making communication and to learn through online. From the perspective of the consumer, I can say that the learning from the 21st century is quite different from the learning techniques that prevail in the recent times. The concept of learning online is characterized by effectiveness and popularity. The recent estimates make a clear indication that approximately over four million students in the territory of North America are opting for the courses that are delivered online. The points of study for the evolution of online learning are primarily due to the several options for the instruction between the teacher-student. In addition to that, I can say that for the evolution of techniques of learning through online opens the avenue for the teacher and student to make the interaction through several modes of interaction. The concept of online learning had evolved from a long time back when the teachers and lecturers t hrough the process of teleconference delivered the instructions (Buckingham and Willett 2013). From the point of view of consumers, the process of online learning and communication is a great boon. It is because through that process the online learner gets the advantage to make the access the renounced libraries of the world sitting at home. It is of great help to me and the other online readers. The act of accessing the global libraries helps me to avoid the get the required data easily rather than running to the library and search the books. The online learning process also helps in the finding of any important study material at any point of time. Hence, my point as a consumer, the process of online learning is extremely helpful and useful (Carroll et al. 2013). From the perspective of a producer, I can say that the process of online learning is also important equally. As a producer, I can search and get any information that I require for producing any assignment through the process of online learning. For the purpose of referring, I often use the online sources. It helps in making my assignment of high quality. Hence, through the process of online learning and communication, I can produce and prepare my assignment very easily without wasting a lot of time doing the assignments through the earlier methods of learning (Giesbers et al. 2014). From the point of view of the sharer, I can share and get any information through the method of online learning. It becomes extremely easily for me to share any assignment with my friends and get the same help from my friends. I can also get any assignment from my teacher or instructor at any point in time. It helps me to complete my assignment at the stipulated time. I can also share my completed assignment with my university through uploading the same on the website of the university at any point in time. It helps me to avoid the preparing heavy projects for sharing with my teachers. Hence, online learning helps in sharing of useful information relating to academic learning from the teacher at any time. The techniques of online learning help in communicating with my teacher very easily (Grace et al. 2014). Now, the important topic of discussion in this essay is regarding the credibility of the online sources. It can be said that any online source may be termed as credible in case that souces makes the satisfaction of the five conditions specified by Metger in the year 2007. The conditions that make the determination of the credibility of any online source are authorship that relates the fact of the person who has written the material. The next condition is the purpose of the purpose of the online source that has been chosen by me. The purpose makes the reflection of the motive with which the online material is prepared. The third factor that denotes the credibility is the procedure that is used in preparing the online source. The procedure of the online source refers to the process of developing the online source (Jolliffe et al. 2012). The next important factor in judging the credibility is for knowing the reliability of online source by me. The basic and the primary questions of credibility refers to the questions "who, how and why" that is an addition to the question of the when the resource was produced. From the general perspective, I aim to choose those resources that are not excessive of five years older unless such source is written by the seminal authors or are seminal texts. The term seminal text refers to the text that reflects a strong influence on the ideas in any particular field (Kear et al. 2014). In my opinion, the sources that are reliable must make the fulfillment of certain conditions. The c conditions are that the source must be relevant. The term relevant refers to the source must of immense relevance to the topic that is to be discussed. The second condition is that the source must be verifiable. The term verifiable means and denotes that information that possesses the capability of being corroborated by other sources that are credible. The third condition is that the source must be unbiased. The term unbiased means the source must not possess any biases (Means et al. 2014). The next concept that has to be taken into consideration by me is the factor whether I am information literate or not. The term information literate means and relates to my capacity to get engaged with the data and knowledge that is available online along and the techniques that are to be applied from my side for making the interpretation of such data. Very often, it is observed through the act of people that they tend to believe every data that they see online (Salmon 2013). There are certain guidelines that are provided by the Australian and New Zealand Literacy Framework for making the identification of reliable sources that are available online. The Australian and New Zealand Literacy Framework recommended that every information-literate person must follow. The first recommendation is that the every information-literate person must make the recognition of the need of getting information. Every information-literate person must make the determination of the extent to which the information is required. Every information-literate person must make the access the information that is available much efficiently (Simpson 2013). There is the requirement of every information-literate person to make the critical evaluation of the sources of information and the information itself. There is also the requirement for every information-literate person to manipulate, store and make the classification and redrafting the information that is generated and collected. Every information-literate person must make the incorporation of the information that is selected from my database of knowledge. There is also the requirement of every information-literate person to make the usage of the information make the learning and make the creation of new knowledge and for making quick decisions and solving problems (Simonson and Zvacek 2014). There are certain advantages and disadvantages of working online in collaboration. The primary advantage is that when people collaborate to learn online, then they can make the division of work that has to be done and it also helps in the finding of proper sources of information that are required in making any particular assignment. The advantage lies in making the effective study through the division of work among the participants of collaborative learning online. In the case of any huge study, it is not possible for one person to make the research of efficient information through searching online. Hence, at the time, it is essential for making the study through collaborating online. The collaboration for making the online study also helps in the availability important information that is not available otherwise while making the individual study (Watson et al. 2014). In addition to the advantages, there are also certain disadvantages of making online study through collaboration. The primary disadvantage that can be associated with the online study through collaboration is the non-participation of all the participants in collaboration. It is seen in several conditions that the participants in the collaborative learning do not make the active participation in making the research through online. Such participants often tend to make the gain through the findings of the other participants of the collaboration. The non-participation of any participant affects the working motivation of participants that are involved working in the collaboration actively (Yan et al. 2013). The primary objective of the collaborative participation in online learning shall be that all the members shall participate actively in making the research work. This would help to address the goals of online learning through collaboration. Hence, from the above discussion the process of online learning and communication is of immense importance and helpful for the students and me. The primary process for making online learning shall involve in recognizing the credibility of the source and then analyze the data available online in the knowledge database. Reference List Buckingham, D. and Willett, R., 2013.Digital generations: Children, young people, and the new media. Routledge. Carroll, J.A., Diaz, A., Meiklejohn, J., Newcomb, M. and Adkins, B., 2013. Collaboration and competition on a wiki: The praxis of online social learning to improve academic writing and research in under-graduate students.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,29(4), pp.513-525. Giesbers, B., Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D. and Gijselaers, W., 2014. A dynamic analysis of the interplay between asynchronous and synchronous communication in online learning: The impact of motivation.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,30(1), pp.30-50. Grace, E., Raghavendra, P., Newman, L., Wood, D. and Connell, T., 2014. Learning to use the Internet and online social media: What is the effectiveness of home-based intervention for youth with complex communication needs?.Child Language Teaching and Therapy, p.0265659013518565. Jolliffe, A., Ritter, J. and Stevens, D., 2012.The online learning handbook: Developing and using web-based learning. Routledge. Kear, K., Chetwynd, F. and Jefferis, H., 2014. Social presence in online learning communities: the role of personal profiles.Research in Learning Technology,22. Means, B., Bakia, M. and Murphy, R., 2014.Learning online: What research tells us about whether, when and how. Routledge. Salmon, G., 2013.E-tivities: The key to active online learning. Routledge. Simonson, M. and Zvacek, S., 2014.Teaching and learning at a distance. Information Age Pub. Simpson, O., 2013.Supporting students in online open and distance learning. Routledge. Watson, J., Pape, L., Murin, A., Gemin, B. and Vashaw, L., 2014. Keeping pace with K-12 digital learning: An annual review of policy and practice.Evergreen Education Group. Yan, F., Sundaram, S., Vishwanathan, S.V.N. and Qi, Y., 2013. Distributed autonomous online learning: Regrets and intrinsic privacy-preserving properties.Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on,25(11), pp.2483-2493.

Sunday, April 12, 2020

My Family Analysis free essay sample

My family shows signs of being a healthy family for the most part with a few exceptions. The biggest exception is that the individuals are not assigned to particular roles. This means that our roles as individuals provide organized chaos as we rotate from situation to situation. These role rotations allow my family to experience both enmeshment and disengagement. An example of this would be when a family member ends a romantic relationship the family tends to become disengaged and experiences differentiation. However, in the event of a family tragedy the family experiences higher levels of enmeshment and lower levels of differentiation. However, neither of these ever reached a significant extreme, which in my opinion, allows the family to be highly adaptive and mange high level of anxiety. A couple of years ago my father experienced sharp pains throughout his chest and was hospitalized for several days. The medical staff instructed him not to exert himself, consequently the rest of my immediate family came together to help with my father’s obligations. We will write a custom essay sample on My Family Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The individual who was impacted the most was my mother. Structurally my mother has to take on roles such as financier and outdoor maintenance, which was normally filled by my father. Our normally highly differentiated family had to lower that aspect of our family structure in order to compensate and fill in the leadership role of my father. Although this was a temporary situation (about one month), I believe this situation had little long-term effect on family roles. However, this situation increased our family’s enmeshment and lowered our differentiation permanently. Family Roles: In bouts of normal family anxiety, the family shows signs of clear and defined roles. My parents tend to share the roles of family Hero and child Enabler. I believe that this occurs because my parents believe in relying on family and being responsible during times of anxiety thusly emphasizing these aspects when anxiety occurs. My brother and I tend to bounce between all of the other roles (Lost Child, Mascot, Scapegoat, and Chemically Dependant Person) depending on each specific scenario. One major exception to this structure is when one of my parents cannot fill the role of the family Hero, such as the example of my father’s chest pains, my brother and I will help to fill the void that is left behind. During times of non-anxiety, roles tend to have little significance in our family structure. This is due to high levels of differentiation. The rotational roles we play today have been true since I was a child and continues today. If I were forced into choosing a single role, I would prefer Mascot. To provide a sense of fun, excitement, and laughter to a family structure would be a role that I would be able to handle. Togetherness and Triangulation: Typically, I do not feel a high level of pressure for togetherness when the family is experiencing anxiety. Calling it â€Å"pressure† is an inaccurate statement regarding my family but a better word would be a â€Å"need† for togetherness. This may be simply a semantic argument, but the difference to me is that under pressure one feels a sense of obligation for togetherness, whereas a need is simply an instinctive reaction to anxiety. The only time I can recall ever feeling pressure for togetherness is when my grandfather died. It was clear that during this time any lack of participation in togetherness would end badly for any non-participant. This example caused a clear sense of pressure for togetherness. Triangulation is the biggest way the family alleviates anxiety. In fact, it is the only way the family deals with anxiety. My mother seems to be the centerpiece to all the triangulation that exists. This is largely because in early childhood, my father was working extremely hard to provide for the family and my mother, working only part time, was physically more available. My mother typically passed the tension from on outsider to another. This happened constantly, if one of the children had a problem the tension was passed or expressed to mother then passed to father and mother and father would resolve the tension in the best possible manner. However, if there was a problem between father and mother, mother would pass this on to one of the children. This is what is meant by mother constantly passing the tension; she is literally at the center of all the triangles that exist within a family. However, because of the high level of differentiation the tension usually stopped there. As children, we are taught that â€Å"adult problems† were between adults no matter how much mother involved the children with the situation. I find myself willing to go to any extreme to bring balance to enmeshment or differentiation. In the case of a severe imbalance of enmeshment, I would be willing to give up all of my individuality to bring balance. On the other hand, in a severe violation of my individuality I would be willing to sacrifice all enmeshment to regain my individuality. This is in part because of the level of comfort I have experienced with enmeshment and differentiation in the family throughout my life. This long term stability of enmeshment and differentiation would call for something so severe to cause an imbalance that such extremes would be necessary to bring back balance. Conclusion: I believe that my family analysis is my cultural upbringing. Both of my parents came from dysfunctional and abusive families. In order to break this cycle of abuse they essentially created their own culture in which to raise their children. This was beneficial in the long-term because it allowed both children to explore other cultural upbringings in a more positive environment and stops any cycle of dysfunction and abuse. When reflecting on my family and this paper I realized that in many ways my family is unique and highly adaptive. I began to understand how other families function and why I now have a greater appreciation of other families’ anxiety. Analyzing my family has brought to light the positive and negative affects of the family structure which allows me to continue the traits of a healthy family system.

Wednesday, March 11, 2020

Descriptive Method Design

Descriptive Method Design Introduction The issue of sexual dysfunction is very sensitive and not every individual will report his problem. The number of male individuals with sexual dysfunction may therefore be small. The best place to get this population is in a clinical setting due to the sensitivity of the condition. The sample population of this study therefore will include men with problems of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Descriptive Method Design Sample Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any patient with other co-morbidities other than sexual dysfunction will not be included in the study. Hospital records will help to determine that. In addition, any subject who is not a permanent resident in the city, where the hospital is located will not be recruited. All the subjects will be recruited in the study regardless of their socio-economic status. The sample will include male subjects of reproductive age: between 18 and 50 years. This sample population will be recruited from a hospital setting, which will be selected purposively. Every subject will be given an equal chance of taking part in the study through use of random sampling. This kind of sampling is recommended because it is representative of the general population and decreases sampling error and sampling bias. Unfortunately, since it is difficult to obtain a complete sampling frame for this kind of population, hospital records will be used to identify the population and use this population size to come up with a sample size using a sample size calculator. A 95% confidence interval will be selected while calculating the sample size. Since the sample includes two sub-groups (male subjects with erectile dysfunction and those with premature ejaculation), proportional stratified kind of random sampling will be used to draw subjects with reference to the determined sample size. Scientifically cho osing a sample population for this study will increase its chances of achieving external validity. Research Design The chosen method of research design is an analytical case study. This kind of methodology will attempt to analyze the consequences of treatment and the rationale behind its effectiveness, in accordance with the results of the study. A case study is useful in giving insight into a complicated issue and can augment what has already been established in previous research (Krupp, et al. 2007). This is the case in the present study since the case study that will be used can augment previous studies that have indicated pharmacotherapy treatment to be successful in treating males with erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. For the sake of achieving external validity, one type of pharmacotherapy treatment will be used for all subjects.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each case will be thoroughly studied and analyzed. The case study research design helps a researcher to examine a condition in its real life context. Questionnaires will be used to collect data on the opinions of the subjects with regard to their condition. This will help to determine whether the condition is psychological or medical related. It will also gather data on the outcome of sexual performance when pharmacotherapy treatment is used. In addition, interviews with the health workers will be conducted to get a deeper understanding into the sexual dysfunction conditions under study. Observation will also be used because it mainly helps to understand the unspoken language, that is, the perceptions and attitudes while filling in questionnaires and conducting interviews. According to Yin (2003), a case study excels when answering the questions why and how, and when contextual information needs to be unveiled. In this study of pharmacotherapy treatment, not e very sexual dysfunction is as a result of medical misfit, but, other psychological factors are concerned. Therefore, since a case study helps to understand the many facets revolving a complex issue, it will help to draw out clear cut lines into the determinants of sexual dysfunction and under which circumstances it works best. Expected Outcome A lot of literature is available on how pharmacotherapy treatment counteracts erectile dysfunction as opposed to premature ejaculation. According to a critical review of literature by Eardley, et al. (2010), different types of pharmacotherapy treatment are used in the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been shown to be effective, safe and well-tolerated by patients. The same is the case for Apormorphine, intraurethral alpostadil and intracavernosal injection therapy with alpostadil. Pharmacotherapy is usually the preferred initial treatment for sexual dysfunction and specifically, erectile dysfunct ion. The field of pharmacotherapy in treating erectile dysfunction has evolved over time and more development in the field is ongoing. This study however has concentrated on erectile dysfunction alone.  Various pharmacotherapy treatments for premature ejaculation are available but none of them has been approved according to Avasthi Biswas (2004). Phosphodiesterase type 5 has been found to be the most beneficial accepted pharmacotherapy treatment in addressing premature ejaculation. In this study therefore based on these previous literatures among others, there is a high probability that pharmacotherapy treatment will yield in positive results in the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Unfortunately, literature is available on only the use of sildenafil, as an acceptable mode of treatment, in treating premature ejaculation. The difference in the level of effectiveness of the mode of treatment used for this study when compared with and other studies may vary for erectile dysfunction s ince only one type of pharmacotherapy treatment will be used.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Descriptive Method Design Sample Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Avasthi, A., Biswas, P. (2004). Pharmacotherapy of Sexual Dysfunctions: Current Status. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 46 (3), 213-220. Eardley, I., Donatucci, C., Corbin, J, El-Meliegy, A., Hatzimouratidis, K., McVary, K.,†¦Lee, S. (2010). Pharmacotherapy for Erectile Dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7, 524-540. Krupp, K., Madhivanan, P., Karat, C., Chandrasekaran, V., Sarvode, M., Klausner, J., Reingold, A. (2007). Novel recruitment strategies to increase participation of women in reproductive health research in India. Global Public Health. 2 (4), 395-403.doi: 10.1080/17441690701238031. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Sunday, February 23, 2020

Topic is going to be given in the word file Essay

Topic is going to be given in the word file - Essay Example In the course of the last two centuries, the global national incomes have significantly increased resulting in exceptionally his living standards at least as compared to retrospective civilizations. The main reason behind this exponential increment in the quality of life can be attributed to among other things the efficiency in the extraction of energy from the environment. Humanity has achieved unprecedented level of efficacy owing to technological advancement, which makes it easy for people to easily convert raw resources into inputs. Various Geologic processes and atmospheric systems such as ecosystem and animal or human societies are inherently tied together through a series of transformational energy activities operating through a complex series of feedback mechanisms that allow them to be self-regulating. The process of energy transformation thus functions throughout the biosphere so that energy can be degraded and materials can be organized in hierarchical systems of constantl y increasing spatial temporal scales (Odum and Odum, 2001). The first and cardinal rule of energy conservation states that one can either neither create nor destroy energy, at the end of the day, the energy lost is directly proportional to the among that is gained. The underlying supposition is that one cannot get anything for nothing and the consistency of energy is often described in diagrams in which the energy flowing must be accounted for within the boundaries either in form of output or storage. Secondly, the energy in an isolated system at equilibrium will investable increase over time, the key transformative agent for energy is work; therefore, dispersed energy is incapable of doing any work thus resulting to degradation in the system. The connection between energy efficiency and economic growth has been demonstrated and restated for centuries in the world’s economic arena, as the countries that exploit and

Friday, February 7, 2020

Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers - Research Paper Example The artwork titled Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers has a significant historical background. It is not a masterpiece that came into existence by chance or due to the sheer whimsy of the artist. It is a well though presentation with a clear intellectual intent and vivid content. This painting is a part of the series Sunflowers (or Tournesols in French). It belongs to a set of paintings executed in Arles in August, 1888. In this set of paintings, we can see bouquets of sunflowers (occasionally in combination with orange hued dahlias) in various styles, contours, and positions. Discussing the historical background of this painting more intricately, it cannot be neglected that the series Sunflowers was painted mainly in two parts. According to Stolwijk and Veenenbos, the first part of the series was executed in Paris in 1887. The second part was executed in Arles during 1888. Many of the Sunflowers artworks were sold or auctioned to various art collectors and museums all over the world. But the fourth version, i.e., Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers, did not leave the artist’s estate at least in his lifetime. â€Å"Vincent began his series of sunflower paintings to enliven the studio of his Yellow House, but from the beginning they always meant more to him than simple decoration. Vincent hoped that his sunflower series would prompt discussions with his guests about art and illuminate for them the aesthetic experience of painting in the south.† Historically, Van Gogh was influenced by his dear friend, Gaugin, at certain stages of his painting career. In the late 19th century, many of his artworks were sold or auctioned to the collectors and museums in the countries like Britain and USA through Gaugin. Thanks to the enthusiasts like Gaugin and several other admirers, we can today see Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers at the National Gallery, London. Contextually, Tellegen (42-45) holds that the environment and culture of Paris also had a profound effect on the painter. The simplicity of this artwork is the main attribute to its artistic value. In Van Gogh’s words, as stated by Mancoff (66), the artwork was â€Å"a picture all in yellow†. We can note only a few touches of green in the branches and stems and blue bordering lines of the table and the vase. Various shades of yellow color were used in the painting. However, this did not give it a pale look. On the contrary, it became a lively masterpiece. Furthermore, th is picture does not belong to any complex genre of paintings. It is simply a still life work. A still life work is that where the painter obtains his idea from the surroundings. Unlike portraits, it may not be an intricate visualization of a real model or subject. Still life paintings may attain high levels of both reality and imagination. In the artwork I am discussing now, it is still not clear enough that whether the painter used some material, model object while painting it or not. In this way, the painting becomes simply intriguing and thought provoking in its genre and time. Part I.D When I looked at this masterpiece, I could see a bunch of sunflowers in a vase. The vase is on a table, seemingly in the front of a plastered wall. The sunflowers in the lower part of the bunch are strangely drooping down. Although two sunflowers at the lowest regions of this floral assortment do not face the spectator directly, they leave a lively impression. Most of the other sunflowers can be s een in a front view orientation. The lines that have been drawn to create the flowers are generally curved

Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Attachment - Psychology Essay Example for Free

Attachment Psychology Essay Developmental Psychology Early Social Development: Attachment Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ An emotional bond between two people. It is a two-way  process that endures over time. It leads to certain  behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking and  serves the function of protecting the infant. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Primary attachment figure ï  ® The person who has formed the closest bond with a child,demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship. Usually  the biological mother, but other people can fulfil the role. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Learning theory ï  ® A group of explanations which explain behaviour in terms  of learning rather than any innate or higher order  tendencies. Mainly used by behaviourists who rather focus  their explanations purely on what behaviour they observe. Learning Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Unconditioned Stimulus (US) food ↓ Unconditioned Response (UR) pleasure ↓ Neutral Stimulus (NS) – the feeder ↓ Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – food from a feeder ↓ Conditioned Response (CR) – pleasure/attachment Learning Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Operant Conditioning ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Reinforcement ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ When doing something results in a pleasant  consequence, the behaviour is more likely to be produced. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Punishment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ When doing something results in an unpleasant  consequence, the behaviour is unlikely to be produced. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Dollard and Miller (1950) explain attachment using operant conditioning: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ When an infant is fed it reduces discomfort and increases pleasure, this serves as a reward and is the primary reinforcer. The person supplying the food is associated  with avoiding discomfort and is the source of reward which  becomes the secondary reinforcer. Attachment occurs  because the child seeks the person who supplies the  reward. Evaluating the Learning Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Strengths It can provide adequate explanations of how attachments form. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Behaviourists argue that since we are made up of the same building blocks of stimulus/response environments experiments done on animals are safe to generalize to human behaviour. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weakness ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It may be attention and responsiveness from the caregiver that is the primary reinforcer, not food. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Learning theory is largely based on studies with non-human animals. Human behaviour may be similar in many ways but learning theory does not consider higher order thinking and emotions that can influence behaviour. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Harlow (1959) demonstrated that it is not food but the level of contact and comfort the infant receives that increases attachment levels. The use of young rhesus monkeys were used to demonstrate this. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ 60 babies were studied in Glasgow and found that attachment was higher to the person who was most responsive and who interacted with them more (Schaffer and Emerson,1964). ï  ® ï  ® Cant explain the importance of sensitivity in attachment. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory (1969) ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ ELEMENTS OF BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment is adaptive and innate ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Bowlby’s theory is an evolutionary theory because it sees attachment as a behaviour that adds to its survival and  ultimately its reproductive value. Having attachment  capabilities is an innate drive, similar to imprinting, that has long term benefits ensuring it stays close to its caregiver. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Background on the Theory of Evolution ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Adaptive behaviours are behaviours that increase the  likelihood of survival and reproduction. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Natural selection is the continuation of these adaptive traits within the animal to increase chances of survival. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sexual selection is the ability to reproduce, not just survive. Adaptive genes that lead to possessing traits to assist in  reproduction increases sexual selection. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sensitive Period ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A biologically determined period of time during the second quarter of the first year is the most crucial period in which attachments can be made. Once missed then it is more difficult for a child to make attachments and demonstrate social difficulties. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Caregiving is adaptive ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Not only attachment but also caregiving is adaptively innate. Social releasers from the infant give signals to the caregiver (smiling, crying, etc) to take care of it. Attachment is the innate system in babies and caregiving is the innate system in adults. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Secure base ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Having a secure attachment provides a child with a secure base in which to explore the world from. It fosters independence, not dependence. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Monotropy and hierarchy ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Infants form a number of different attachments but has one particular bias towards a very special one called the primary attachment, this is called monotropy. Even with secondary attachments, this hierarchy of attachments recognizes the importance of a primary attachment figure (PAF). The PAF is one that responds most sensitively to the childs social releasers. Secondary attachments are important, without them, children tend to lack social skills. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Internal working model ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A mental model of the world that enables individuals to predict and control their environment. The internal  working model based on attachment has several  consequences: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In the short-term it gives the child insight into the caregivers behaviour and enables the child to influence  the caregivers behaviour so that a true partnership can be formed. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In the long-term it acts as a template for all future relationships because it generates expectations about  how people behave. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The continuity hypothesis ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be  emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults. Evaluating Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Strengths ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Lorenz (1952) supports that imprinting is innate as the goslings imprinted on the first thing they saw moving, which was Lorenz. Research shows that once the sensitive period has passed and no attachments are formed, children display social difficulties with peers. If attachment and caregiving are an important biological function as Bowlby suggests then they would be found universally. Tronick et al (1992) studied an African tribe in Zaire and found despite tribal responsibility for raising kids a PAF is present. This is also evidence of monotropy. Schaffer and Emerson found that the more quickly a caregiver responded to a childs needs and the more interaction they had led to a stronger level of attachment. This interaction is important as it is not enough to have something to cuddle but to actually be cuddled back builds a stronger attachment. The Minnesota longitudinal study (2005) found that continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour. Infants classified as secure were later rated highest for social competence, less isolated, more empathetic and more popular. Evaluating Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weaknesses ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Multiple attachments, according to psychologists, are as equally important. There are no primary or secondary  attachments, all attachments are integrated into one single  working model. However, a review the research points to the  hierarchical model as being predominant (Prior and Glaser, ï  ® 2006). An alternative explanation to the continuity hypothesis exists, known as the temperament hypothesis. This is the belief that children form secure attachments simply because they have a more ‘easy’ temperament from birth, whereas more innately difficult children a more likely to form insecure attachments. The infants temperamental characteristics shapes a mothers level of responsiveness. Thomas and Chess (1977) identified infant personality types as easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up. Belsky and Rovine (1987) found a link between physiological behaviours and later attachments types. The more calm and less anxious (aspects of temperament) an infant was the more likely they were to develop secure attachments. Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Strange Situation (Ainsworth and Wittig, 1969) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU Aim: to see how infants behave under situations of stress  with the introduction of a stranger and the separation of  the parent. This tests stranger anxiety and separation  anxiety and also the infants willingness to explore with its secure base. Procedure: a 99 research room marked off into 16 squares  was used. The procedure consists of 8 episodes†¦ MEMORISE THEM!!! Data is collected by a group of observers that recorded  what the infant was doing every 15 seconds. Observer  noted the type of behaviour and level of intensity on a  scale of 1-7. Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Strange Situation Findings: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ainsworth  combined data from several studies to  make 106 middle-class infants observed. Similarities and differences were found in the way  the infants behaved. In terms of similarities, it was  noted that episode 2 onwards exploratory  behaviour decreased while crying increased. Proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining  increased during separation and when stranger  appeared. Finally, contact-resisting and proximityavoiding behaviours rarely occurred towards the caregiver prior to separation. Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Strange Situation Findings: ï  ® Ainsworth found differences in three main types of children. ï  ® ï  ® Insecure-avoidant: this is a style of attachment characterising those children that tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others. ï  ® ï  ® Secure attachment: this is a strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs. Insecure-resistant: this is a style of ambivalent attachment characterising  children who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction. Main and Solomon (1986) re-analysed the strange situation video tapes and created a fourth attachment type: ï  ® Insecure-disorganised: these infants lack a coherent and consistent strategy for dealing with the stress of separation. Secure % of infants (Ainsworth, 1978) % of infants (Van Ijzendoorn et , 1999) Insecure avoidant Insecure resistant Insecure disorganised 66% 22% 12% XXX 62% 15% 9% 15% Evaluating Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Strengths ï  ® Ainsworth’s Strange Situation technique has given psychologists a means to understand and study attachment which can lead to new future findings. ï  ® Intervention strategies have been developed to strengthen caregiving behaviour and attachments types. The Circle of Security Project (Cooper et al, 2005) which teaches caregivers to recognise signs of distress showed a decrease in disordered caregiving and an increase in secure attachment types. It has proven to be experimentally valid as its construct validity has been demonstrated by other studies supporting the four types of attachments and its predictive validity has been demonstrated in correlations between early attachment types and later behaviours. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Its findings are also consistent which makes them reliable. Using interobserver reliablity methods, Ainsworth found almost perfect agreement at . 94 between the raters (1.0 is perfect). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weakness ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Or does it lack validity, because it is intended to measure the attachment type of an infant, BUT does it really simply measure the quality of a particular relationship? Main and Weston (1981) claim it is measuring one relationship instead of something innate within an individual. ï  ® Evaluating Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Effects of attachment types ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis would predict that a child’s behaviour later in life would be effected by specific attachment types they develop. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Prior and Glaser (2006) found that in later childhood, if as infants they developed a secure attachment type, they would  be less emotionally dependent and possess more  interpersonal harmony. Infants with the other three types  would be more aggressive, negative withdrawn in later  childhood. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It would also effect you in your adult romantic lives as well. Hazen and Shaver (1987) conducted the ‘Love Quiz’ which  asked questions about early experiences and current love  experiences and found that there were characteristic  patterns of later romantic behaviour associated with each  early attachment type. Evaluating Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Factors that influence attachment type ï  ® Sensitivity ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ainsworth developed the Maternal Sensitivity Scale to rate mothers’ behaviour such as sensitivity and insensitivity to infants signals. The scale found: Securely  attached infant Observed  Mothers bx ï  ® ï  ® Insecurely attached infant Avoidant infant Resistant infant  more sensitive,  cooperating Unresponsive to  crying less  affectionate More rejecting and  less attention  giving Preoccupied with  routine activities when  holding infant Maternal reflective functioning ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Some studies have shown low correlations between measures of sensitivity and strength of attachment. Slade et al (2005) found the ability to understand what someone else is thinking or feeling may be more important. Temperament ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ May play a role as previous research indicates, but it is unclear. Cultural Variations in Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ KNOW the definitions of culture, cultural variations and the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures (pg.45) ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cross-cultural Similarities ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ainsworth’s Uganda study (1967) ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Tronick et al (1992) study on the African tribe in Zaire ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Fox (1977) infants in Isreali kibbutz raised by  nurses when tested in the Strange Situation  appeared equally attached to both caregivers,  except in the reunion behaviour where they  showed greater attachment to their mothers. Cultural Variations in Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cross-cultural Differences ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants appear more insecurely attached rather than secure. This may be due to the different childrearing practices as German culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance from the parent and infant. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Takahashi (1990) used the Strange Situation on a group of 60 middle-class infants in Japan and found similar rates of secure attachment. However, the infants showed no evidence of insecure-avoidant and high rates of insecureresistance (32%). Different childrearing practices can explain the difference for in Japan the infants are rarely ever separated from their parents which is why they would be more distressed than their American counterparts. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Conclusions ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ These studies suggest that the strongest attachments are still formed with their mothers and that there are differences in attachment that can be related to differences in cultural attitudes. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Meta-analysis study by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) examined over 2000 Strange Situation classification studies in 8 countries. They found the variation between countries and culture were small with secure attachment being the most common in all countries followed by insecure-avoidant except in Japan and Israel. Variations within cultures however were greater. In conclusion the findings appear to be similar to that found in the US and this supports the view that attachment is an innate and biological process. Also data collected on different subcultures should not be generalised to be representative of a particular culture. Criticisms of Research on Cultural Variations ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Culture bias ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Rothbaum et al (2000) argued that attachment theory and  research is not relevant to other countries because it is rooted in American culture. For example, the sensitivity hypothesis reflects western ideas of autonomy whereas in Japan sensitivity is about promoting dependence. The continuity hypothesis states that  secure infant attachments create more competent adults, however, this ‘competence’ is defined in terms of individuation. The secure base hypothesis in the west explains secure attached infants as independent and confident exploring whereas in Japan they  promote dependence and the concept of amae and so this can  explain why insecure-resistant behaviours are more typical. Rothbaum concludes that psychologists should produce a set of indigenous theories that are explanations of attachment that are rooted in individual cultures with a small group of universal principles (infant need for protection) but mostly with childcare practices relating to cultural values. Rothbaum was challenged by Posada and Jacobs (2001) which shows that attachment theory does apply to most cultures. Criticisms of Research on Cultural Variations ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Criticisms of cross-cultural research ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Tests  of procedures used may not be equally valid  in the country and may make the culture appear  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœinferior’ or ‘abnormal’. This is an example of  imposed etic. This is when a research method is  used in one culture even thought it was designed to  be used in another (intelligence tests or observations). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The group that was tested may not be  representative of the culture and yet researchers  might make generalisations about the whole culture  or even the whole country. Disruption of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Effects of Separation ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Spitz and Wolf (1946) observed 100 children in an institution became severely depressed after a few months. Skeels and Dye (1939) found similar children scored lower on intelligence tests. Bifulo et al (1992) found that negative effects of deprivation may occur later in life. When 249 women who had lost their mothers before they were 17 were studied, it was found that they were twice as likely to develop depressive/anxiety disorders later in life. Robertsons (1967-73) made films observing the effects of separation in children: ï  ® ï  ® When given a high level of emotional care and similar structures to that of their home life, the children exhibited some signs of distress, however, slept well and did not reject their PAF when they were reunited. Some were even reluctant to part with the foster mother which is a sign of a good emotional bond. John, however, was in a nursery and not given such attention. He became withdrawn and gave up on proximity seeking bx. When he was reunited with his mother he rejected her for months and demonstrated outbursts of anger towards her. Disruption of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Physical and Emotional Disruption ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ As the research evidence shows differences in the way physical and emotional attention is given can produce  negative effects in children. However, there are studies  that show these ill effects can be reversed. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sigvardsson (1979) studied over 600 adopted children in Sweden and at the age of eleven, 26% of them were  classified as ‘problem children’. However in a follow up study, ten years later they were no worse off than the  average population. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ So when alternative emotional care is provided, ill effects of separation can be reversed. However, for some  children disruption of attachment leads to permanent  difficulties. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ To criticise the validity of the research consider that they are based on case studies. Weakness of case studies are  that they are based on generalisations and they depend on  objectivity of the observers and are prone to observer bias. Failure to Form Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Isolated children ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Privation is the lack of having any attachments due to the failure to develop such attachments early in life. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Genie ï  ® ï  ® The Czech twins ï  ® ï  ® Locked in a room by her father until she was 13. When discovered she could not stand erect or speak. She was disinterested in people and never recovered socially. Locked away by their step-mother until the age of 7. Were looked after by their sisters and by 14 had normal social and intellectual capabilities. By 20 they had above average intelligence and excellent social skills. Evaluation ï  ® Was unclear whether or not Genie was retarded at birth or if she ever formed an attachment with her mother. The Czech twins may have formed attachments to each other to compensate for complete lack of care. It is difficult to reach firm conclusions based on only these cases. Failure to Form Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Institutional Care ï  ® ï  ® Multiple studies show that the effects of institutionalisation within children is acute distress. Longitudinal studies have been conducted to see what long term effects are caused by institutionalisation. ï  ® ï  ® Hodges and Tizard (1989) followed a group of 65 British children from early life to adolescence. Children have been place in an institution from before they were 4 months old. Children have not yet formed attachments at this age. An early study found that 70% of the children were not able to care deeply for anyone. The children were assessed regularly up to the age of 16. Some children remained while most were adopted or restored with their original families. The restored children were less likely to develop an attachment with their mothers but the adopted ones were as closely attached to their adopted parents as the control group. However, both groups had problems with peers and showed signs of disinhibited attachment. These findings suggest that early privation had negative effects on the ability to form relationships even when given good subsequent emotional care. If failure to develop attachments after the sensitive period occur it can have an irreversible effect on emotional development. Failure to Form Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Effects of Privation and Institutionalisation ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment disorder ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ This has been recognised as a psychiatric condition and has been included in the DSMIV. There are two kinds of attachment disorder, inhibited and disinhibited. Children with an attachment disorder have no PAF, cant interact or relate to others before the age of 5 and have experienced severe neglect or frequent changes in caregivers. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Poor parenting skills ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Harlow’s monkeys that were raised with surrogate mothers went on to become poor parents. Also, Quinton et al (1984) found similar findings when he compared 50 women who had been raised in institutions. When the women were in their 20’s the ex-institutionalised mothers were experiencing extreme difficulties acting as parents. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Deprivation dwarfism ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Physical evidence by Gardner (1972) that institutionalised children are physically underdeveloped, potentially caused by stress hormones. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Evaluation ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In the study of Romanian children, one-third recovered well despite not establishing a PAF prior to the sensitive period. Therefore, privation alone cannot explain negative outcomes. This suggests that damage occurs when there are multiple risk factors (Turner and Lloyd, 1995). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Not sure if the children failed to form attachments early in life. Maybe they did and the problems they experienced later were more related to rejection. Impact of Day Care ï  ® ï  ® Day Care – the form of temporary care not given by the family or someone well known to the child and usually outside of the home. Social development – the aspect of a child’s growth concerned with the development of sociability, where the child learns to relate to others and with the process of socialisation, the child learns social skills appropriate to the society. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Negative effects on social development ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Meta-analysis from findings of 88 studies supports Bowlby’s research that prolonged separation from the PAF leads to maladjustment. Violata and Russell (1994) concluded that regular day care for more than 20 hrs a week had an unmistakable negative effect on socio-emotional development, behaviour and attachment of young children. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ NICHD in USA conducted a longitudinal study of over 1000 children. Parents were interviewed regarding the effects of regular day care. The study showed  that the more time a child spent in day care, regardless of quality, the adults rated them as more disobedient and aggressive (NICHD, 2003). The children in day care were 3 times more likely to demonstrate behavioural problems than children that were cared by their mothers. Melhuish (2004) found evidence that children with high levels of day care in the first two years of development had elevated risks of developing anti-social behaviours. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Minnesota longitudinal study demonstrated the more securely attached infants are the more popular with peers they become. So therefore, the more insecure an infant, more peer related problems could be expected. Belsky and Rovine (1988) assessed attachment in children in day care and found that were more likely to be insecurely attached compared to children at home. Impact of Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Positive effects on social development ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Good day care provides plenty of social stimulation, whereas, children living at home may lack social interactions. Brown and Harris (1978) found depressed mothers contributed  their low moods to being isolated at home with children. Depressed mothers are likely to form insecure attachments with their children which would have a negative effect on their children. Therefore, the independence gained with having a child in day care is a way to prevent this. Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) studied 150 children and found they were consistently more compliant and independent. The EPPE followed 3000 children in pre-schools and found increased sociability (Sylvia et al, 2003). Day care exposes children to their peers thus enabling them to develop social strategies (negotiate and make friends). Field (1991) found a positive correlation between the amount of time in day care and the number of friends children have once they enter school. Also, those that started day care before 6 months were more sociable than those that started later. Evaluating Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weaknesses of research on day care ï  ® When evaluating the research, one must consider the circumstances under which one can find positive or negative outcomes. ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Prodromidis (1995) found no correlation between Swedish children in day care and aggression. Freidman from NICHD explains the aggression study actually shows that day care children may be more aggressive than non-day care, but still 83% of children in day care between 10 -30 hours a week show no signs of aggression. Second important finding from the NICHD research is that the mothers sensitivity to the child, higher maternal education and income all play a more important role in decreased behavioural problems than the amount of time in day care. Finally, the findings are not causal. The data cannot show that day care caused aggression only that there is a link between the two. Therefore, the data suggests that childrens development is more strongly affected by factors at home than those in day care (Belsky et al, 2007). Evaluating Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weaknesses of Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cannot apply a cause relating to peer relations as  well, only a link. For example, shy and unsociable children have mothers that are shy and  unsociable, therefore, its possible that more  outgoing parents/children that go to day care. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A lot of research supports the idea that day care  alone has no direct effect on development and  that there are other factors involved. Gregg et al  (2005) analysed findings from the Children of the  90’s study and concluded that for the majority of  children, maternal employment in their first 3  years of life had no adverse effects on behaviour. Evaluating Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Mediating Factors ï  ® Quality of Care ï  ® ï  ® Individual Differences ï  ® ï  ® As the quality of care decreases it is expected that the attachment type will become poorer. NICHD study (1997) found that low-quality care was associated with poor social development. As parents have different interests in their child, day care staff are less invested and therefore provide a different kind of attention. This is reflected in Howes and Hamilton (1992) findings  that secure attachments  occurred in only 50% of day care staff but 70% in mothers. The NICHD study found the more secure a child’s attachment level is the better they cope with time spent in day care. However, another study showed that insecure children coped better than secure children (showed more aggressive bx) in day care. Child’s age and number of hours ï  ® ï  ® Gregg et al (2005) found that negative effects were more likely to be found in children starting day care before 18 months of age. However, the magnitude of these effects was small. Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) found no difference in attachment between spending a lot of time in day care (more than 30 hours) with those that spend a little time (less than 10 hours). Implications of Research into Attachment and Day care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment Research ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment research has shown that when separation occurs, negative effects of this separation can be avoided if substitute emotional care can be provided and links to the PAF are made available. This research has changed the way hospitals handle visiting arrangements and the way institutional care is provided. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A second implication is the way the adoptions process is managed allowing babies to be adopted earlier strengthening child/parent attachments (Singer, 1985). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Another implication is the improvement of parenting skills, ie, Circle of Security, which improves infant/mother relationships. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Finally, attachment research has been used to improve day care quality focusing on the importance of secondary attachment figures. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Day Care Research ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ As research shows, high quality care leads to positive outcomes. What is highquality care? ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Low child-staff ratios – 3:1 is ideal for sensitive care to be given ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Minimal staff turnover – allows for consistent care and decreases anxiety ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sensitive emotional care – only 23% of carers demonstrated highly sensitive care, 50% was moderate care and 20% were emotionally detached. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Qualified staff – qualified managers lead to better social development ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ To ensure high-quality care, legal standards are implemented relating to staff ratio to age of the child, minimum qualifications of staff, Ofsted inspections and finally the sure Start programme.

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Marcus Mosiah Garvey :: rastafarianism, reggae music

Marcus Mosiah Garvey was a powerful black revolutionary and race leader who influenced a great many people in his time and continues to do so through reggae music. Many of Marcus Garvey's lessons and ideals have found a voice in the lyrics of conscious reggae musicians past and present. From internationally famous musicians such as Bob Marley and Burning Spear, to the music and words of The Rastafari Elders, reggae musicians have found inspiration in Marcus Garvey. For many reggae musicians, their work is about more than music, it is a tool for teaching the masses. Peter Tosh at a concert in California told the audience the reason why he was there."Don't think I come here for entertainment. I and I come to flash lightening, earthquake, and thunder in these places of destruction and unrighteousness."2 Tosh and many musicians like him are taking reggae to a higher level, one where the musicians are prophets of Garvey and Rasta. Much of the teachings of reggae are based on a Rastafarian view, as this is the religion of many of the conscious reggae musicians that preach the Garvey message. Rastafarianism owes a lot to Marcus Garvey, as he is credited as the founder. The religion was born on the words"Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black king."3 They waited and in 1930, the prophecy was fulfilled when, Ras Tafari Mekonnen was crowned emperor of Ethiopia and took the name Haile Selassie. Working from the bible and their own interpretations of it, the Rastafarians found evidence to support their claim and a religion was born. Marcus Garvey is considered part of the Rastafari Trinity, and"is second only to Haile Selassie,"4 the Rastafari God. Whether singing directly about Marcus Mosiah Garvey, or about Rastafarianism, reggae musicians are helping to spread the teachings of this black prophet and revolutionary to millions of music listeners all over the world. Marcus Garvey was born in 1887 in the St. Ann's Parish in Jamaica. He came from a large, poor family and due to lack of money, when he was fourteen Garvey left school and became a printer's apprentice. By the age of eighteen he had become a master printer. Garvey had always been a quick learner and when he became the foreman of a printing company in Kingston, the capital of Jamaica,"he continued his education by reading extensively, taking advantage of the company library."5 However, Marcus Garvey's political feelings soon got in the way when the workers went on strike in 1909.