Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, and a Healthy Gross...

Economic Health/Fiscal Policies and Federal Reserve/Monetary Policies Paper Understanding Gross Domestic product is central for understanding the business cycle and the progression of long-run economic growth (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 631). The GDP is defined as the value-added of all goods and services produced in a given period of time within the United States (2008). The GDP is widely used as an gauge economic wellness and health of the country. What the GDP represents has a hefty impact on nearly everyone within our economy. As an example, when the economy is healthy, you will usually see wage increases and low unemployment as businesses demand labor to meet the increasing economy. The government has two types of economic†¦show more content†¦Non-economic reasons can include factors such as drought, war, man-made and natural disasters. When the economy expands: unemployment decreases, inflation begins to increase and the real GDP rises. In contrast, when the economy contracts: unemployment increases, inflation decreases and the GDP falls. Role of Government Bodies in Determining National Fiscal Policies Fiscal policy is the use of a government’s taxing, debt, and spending authority for the purpose of influencing economic growth. Congress and the president share responsibility for economic policy with the Federal Reserve (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 929). The government can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011). The government uses fiscal policy to make changes in government purchases and taxes, to achieve policy goals. The price level and the levels Gross Domestic Product and total employment in the economy rely on the collective demand and short term aggregate supply. The government can both aggregate demand and collective supply through fiscal policy (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 900). Fiscal policies can influence the economy’s production and employment. For example, since the government controls the central bank, it may be tempted right before an election to increase the money supply and drive down interest rates to increase production andShow MoreRelatedThe Great Recession Of 20081691 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with the changes in fiscal and monetary policies. Furthermore, many economists believe that the increase of excess monetary and government irresponsibility led to the overall crisis in the mid to late 2000’s. Some economists believe that the oversupply of monetary contributed to the 2008 crisis due to low interest rate targets that were substantially below the monetary requirement. In this paper I will discuss the effects of the changes in monetary and fiscal policies that altered the economyRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Of India1718 Words   |  7 PagesForeign Direct Investment in India Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Direct Investment is the investment of a country domestic assets into foreign structures, equipment and organizations, but does not include investment into stock markets. Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (direct investor) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest impliesRead MoreThe Great Recession Lasted From December Of 2007 Until1229 Words   |  5 Pageslongest recession since World War II. During this time, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and interest rates were all greatly affected. The previously mentioned metrics are used to compare today’s economy to the economy during the Great Recession to see how the United States has rebounded since 2009. Monetary and fiscal policies were also implemented to combat the recession, and their effects determine whether or not the policies hav e a lasting effect in continuing to help the U.SRead MoreThe Real Gross Domestic Product1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) is a measure with inflation adjusted that considers the value of all goods and services manufactured in a designated year, which is indicated in a base year prices. This is also known as the inflation corrected GDP, or constant dollar GDP. On the other hand, a figure that has not been adjusted for inflation is known at the Nominal Gross Domestic Product (NGDP). Also known as the current dollar GDP. A GDP is the one figure that indicates the health of a country’sRead MoreInterest Rates And Monetary Policy1712 Words   |  7 Pagestheir debt obligations. Interest rates are extremely important in monetary policy, which is an economic process that has a specific fiscal authority that controls the supply of money in a given country. An example of a monetary authority is the central banks of countries, which typically try to redu ce the countries interest rates when they wish to increase investment and consumption. However, a low interest rate as a macro-economic policy can be risky and may lead to the creation of an economic bubbleRead MoreCurrent Macroeconomic Conditions Of Australia969 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing, such as gross domestic product, consumer price index and labor force. Macroeconomic indicators Gross Domestic Product Firstly, GDP is a central concept in macroeconomics in Australia. â€Å"GDP is the market value of all final good and services produced in a country during a period of time.† (Hubbard et al. 2015). GDP includes consumption, investment, government purchases and net exports. And it is a measurement of a nation’s overall economic activity. The gross domestic product is usually usedRead MoreFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 Pagesas Keynesian economics, often referred to as Keynesian theory or Keynesianism. However, in this paper, we will discuss what macroeconomics is, variables that make a healthy economy, the goals of macroeconomic policy and how the goals might conflict, the differences between fiscal policy and monetary policy, and other types of policies. According to Webster’s dictionary Macroeconomics is defined as a study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of outputRead MoreEssay on Government Spending, Deficits, and Keynesian Economics1236 Words   |  5 PagesSince higher interest rates are believed to reduce investment, and because investment is necessary for long-run economic growth, proponents of this view also known as deficit hawks emphasize that avoiding deficits should be the primary goal of fiscal policy. Yes, the reason for the high budget deficit matter because many economists feels as though this will eventually affect our children and/or even our grandchildren. Not only that we must know how to budget the money. The government needs toRead MoreImpact Of Economic Growth On The Economy Of Japan1372 Words   |  6 Pagesinward streaming revenue. Policymakers created key errors while struggling to swing the structure of their balance sheets. Economic growth in Japan has been predicted to reach 1.0% in 2017 before slowing down to 0.8% in 2018. At the moment fiscal consolidation (a policy aimed at reducing government deficits and debt accumulation) has stopped, which should aid Japan in dealing with the impact of the appreciating yen. Though there has been a decline in business investment, private consumption is still addingRead MoreInternational Trade Affect The Economic Activity By Resources And Consumer Preferences880 Words   |  4 Pagescountries. The president has influence on the economy with the support of congress. Congress ensures the economy is stable. The Federal Reserve stimulates the economy by regulating the nation’s financial institutions and dictates economic and monetary policies. The president and congress stimulates the economy by creating more job opportunities with tax credits, tax cuts, and funding governments. Tax credits are provided to businesses that would allow the businesses to add more jobs which would benefit

Definition And Definition Of Leadership - 1426 Words

In chapter one, the concept and definition of leadership was introduced and according to the text, more than one hundred definitions of leadership have been identified by scholars and academic studies. What is clear is that leadership requires certain skills and traits of an individual that give them the ability to influence others in a way that motivates them to work toward and accomplish a common objective and goal effectively. While most traits seem to be somewhat inborn and natural to most leaders, it is true that others can be taught and develop the skills over time. Traits. Through behavior and communication, a leader will develop a relationship with their followers that is either negative or positive. Much of this is determined by the type of leadership the individual practices, as well as, the social and emotional intelligence attributes the leader processes. Six different types of leadership approaches have been identified; trait approach, behavior approach, situational approach, new leadership approach, and the emerging leadership approach. The trait approach is greatly attributed to emotional intelligence. An example of a leader with this approach would be an individual who is extroverted, agreeable, conscientious, open, and neurotic. Leadership can also employ observable behaviors. The behavior approach is based on the employment of two different types of behavior: †¢ Task Behaviors-Leaders engage in planning, creating agendas, and organizingShow MoreRelatedDefinition Of Leadership And Leadership2173 Words   |  9 PagesDefinition of leadership Leadership is defined as the art of getting people to do what they may not want to do on their own. It may involve getting people do things that seem to be against their own self-interest and a leader uses various tools to achieve their goals. Yet another definition of leadership is from the US Army, for over two hundred years the US Army has produced leaders who have led its organization and later gone on to become President of the United States. They continue to produceRead MoreLeadership Definition830 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine leadership? (250 words maximum) There are several ways to define leadership. A process that influences other people to achieve an objective and guides the company or community in a way to make it more coherent and cohesive is called leadership. We can also define leadership as a process of leading people in the right direction in order to achieve goals. Leaders apply leadership attributes such as values, knowledge and skills to implement this process in any organization. Leadership ensuresRead MoreDefinition of Leadership544 Words   |  2 PagesA reflection paper Leadership can be defined as a process where one individual influences one or more individuals to work towards a common goal (Northouse, 2009). I am passionate about leadership and this is what I currently do. I am an active duty professional with more than 33 years experience in the military. I have trained, cared for, motivated and led about 7,000 soldiers in various operations during my active duty years. My aim is to ensure that all the soldiers under my command are equippedRead MoreThe Definition Of Leadership By Daft1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of leadership described by Daft (2010) and Rost (1991), is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes (Puente, 2013). In a business definition, leadership is defined as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members (Leader ship vs. Management, n.d.). The definition of management describedRead MoreThe s Definition Of Leadership1072 Words   |  5 PagesHomework MG401 Chapt. 1 2 (1) Compare and contrast Murphy’s definition of leadership with that provided by Bass. Murphy’s definition of leadership stems around the idea that leadership is situational, in which the leader, follower, and situation are all influenced by the other, and that through this interaction and relationships, a leader emerges and leads towards the achievement of a goal (Murphy, 1941). Bass suggests that leadership is more clearly decided by physiological characteristics thatRead MoreThe Definition Of Effective Leadership1520 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition of effective leadership Most historians rank George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Theodore Roosevelt as America’s finest leaders. Agreement on their quality is so strong, in fact, that in the 1920s, their likenesses were immortalized on Mount Rushmore, which has since become an iconic symbol of great leadership. On the other end of the spectrum, Warren G. Harding, Pierce, James Buchanan, and George W. Bush are ranked as among our worst leaders. Herbert Hoover, JohnRead MoreIs The Common Definition Of Leadership?1483 Words   |  6 Pages1. The common definition of leadership that has been taught throughout the Coast Guard is â€Å"You influencing others to achieve a goal†. When boiling it down to the most simplistic form, that definition is sufficient. The problem with that definition is that it is very vague. It doesn’t quantify how well the goal was achieved, or what type of influence was used to achieve it. A leader can easily use negative motivation to achieve a goal, but the quality of the completed product may not be as highRead MoreLeadership Definitions Of Leadership As A Leader1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"what is leadership?†. Many people question what this term means as it is a fundamental skill which is required in the workforce (Avery, 2004). Leaders hip definitions have been approached in various ways with many authors relating to the nature of leadership rather than distinctively defining the term itself (Antonakis, Cianciolo, Sternberg, 2004 cited in Northouse, 2014). Many factors contribute to the meaning of leadership; behaviours, influences and theories all add to the definition of leadershipRead MoreA Definition Of Leadership Best1115 Words   |  5 Pagescan do what I cannot do. I can do what you cannot do. Together we can do great things.† Searching for a definition of leadership can be best served when drawing upon experiences from some of the world’s greatest leaders. For me, it is Mother Theresa who has defined the idea of leadership best. It may seem a bit cliche to quote her when addressing the particular topic, but no one has set a definition more true than Mother Theresa herself. It is the mere act of leading by example that can propel leadersRead MoreEssay on Leadership Definition1889 Words   |   8 PagesLeadership Definition There are lots of definitions and interpretations for the term LEADERSHIP. One is â€Å"A relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people† (Mullins, L.J. 2002, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th Edition, FT Publishing, p904). Another popular definition would be, â€Å"the process of influencing an organization or groups within an organization in its efforts towards achieving a goal† (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2005, Exploring

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1483 Words

Alaysia Lewis Powell Pre AP English 20 April 2015 The Crucible Research Paper The play The Crucible written by Arthur Miller, withholds many conflicts that arise resulting in many themes as well. Such as weight, Reputation, and Good vs. Evil. These themes form from the Salem witch trials. Repeatedly people become accused of witchcraft, throughout the play this continues to drag out due to the people of Salem’s accusations and deceit for one another. The play continues to move to a tense and moving climax resulting in the death of many prominent people of Salem. The play contains the primary theme of weight as a way to reveal characters motives within the play. In the play Giles Corey refuses to confess. Due to this many stones are placed upon his chest causing for him to say â€Å"More Weight† (Miller 944), rather than confess. This quote shows how Giles asks for more weight with the stones because he would rather die than ruin his reputation. Giles also knows that control needs to come in his life in some way, so by h im asking for more weight showed the officials that his life in his own hands rather than theirs. Miller reveals how Giles would symbolically resemble a Christ like figure because of the weight of truth he bare upon himself to die with his soul pure. He declares more weight keeps his faith rather than deceive God by false confessing when bound for death. The theme of weight is viewed as a burden. For examples. Parris asks Abigail to feel the â€Å"†¦Weight of truth†Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communis t allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with thre e types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be the

Learning and Communicating Online

Question: Discuss how your experiences as a consumer, produce and sharer of information in the online world have assisted you in developing 21st Century skills and provide examples that demonstrate this. Discuss how the development of an informational resource, or your work in the discussion board, has helped you understand how to evaluate the credibility of online sources in an academic environment. Identify some of the advantages and limitations of working collaboratively in an online community and reflect on how you might exploit advantages and overcome the limitations. Answer: The purpose of preparing this essay is to assess the importance of the making communication and to learn through online. From the perspective of the consumer, I can say that the learning from the 21st century is quite different from the learning techniques that prevail in the recent times. The concept of learning online is characterized by effectiveness and popularity. The recent estimates make a clear indication that approximately over four million students in the territory of North America are opting for the courses that are delivered online. The points of study for the evolution of online learning are primarily due to the several options for the instruction between the teacher-student. In addition to that, I can say that for the evolution of techniques of learning through online opens the avenue for the teacher and student to make the interaction through several modes of interaction. The concept of online learning had evolved from a long time back when the teachers and lecturers t hrough the process of teleconference delivered the instructions (Buckingham and Willett 2013). From the point of view of consumers, the process of online learning and communication is a great boon. It is because through that process the online learner gets the advantage to make the access the renounced libraries of the world sitting at home. It is of great help to me and the other online readers. The act of accessing the global libraries helps me to avoid the get the required data easily rather than running to the library and search the books. The online learning process also helps in the finding of any important study material at any point of time. Hence, my point as a consumer, the process of online learning is extremely helpful and useful (Carroll et al. 2013). From the perspective of a producer, I can say that the process of online learning is also important equally. As a producer, I can search and get any information that I require for producing any assignment through the process of online learning. For the purpose of referring, I often use the online sources. It helps in making my assignment of high quality. Hence, through the process of online learning and communication, I can produce and prepare my assignment very easily without wasting a lot of time doing the assignments through the earlier methods of learning (Giesbers et al. 2014). From the point of view of the sharer, I can share and get any information through the method of online learning. It becomes extremely easily for me to share any assignment with my friends and get the same help from my friends. I can also get any assignment from my teacher or instructor at any point in time. It helps me to complete my assignment at the stipulated time. I can also share my completed assignment with my university through uploading the same on the website of the university at any point in time. It helps me to avoid the preparing heavy projects for sharing with my teachers. Hence, online learning helps in sharing of useful information relating to academic learning from the teacher at any time. The techniques of online learning help in communicating with my teacher very easily (Grace et al. 2014). Now, the important topic of discussion in this essay is regarding the credibility of the online sources. It can be said that any online source may be termed as credible in case that souces makes the satisfaction of the five conditions specified by Metger in the year 2007. The conditions that make the determination of the credibility of any online source are authorship that relates the fact of the person who has written the material. The next condition is the purpose of the purpose of the online source that has been chosen by me. The purpose makes the reflection of the motive with which the online material is prepared. The third factor that denotes the credibility is the procedure that is used in preparing the online source. The procedure of the online source refers to the process of developing the online source (Jolliffe et al. 2012). The next important factor in judging the credibility is for knowing the reliability of online source by me. The basic and the primary questions of credibility refers to the questions "who, how and why" that is an addition to the question of the when the resource was produced. From the general perspective, I aim to choose those resources that are not excessive of five years older unless such source is written by the seminal authors or are seminal texts. The term seminal text refers to the text that reflects a strong influence on the ideas in any particular field (Kear et al. 2014). In my opinion, the sources that are reliable must make the fulfillment of certain conditions. The c conditions are that the source must be relevant. The term relevant refers to the source must of immense relevance to the topic that is to be discussed. The second condition is that the source must be verifiable. The term verifiable means and denotes that information that possesses the capability of being corroborated by other sources that are credible. The third condition is that the source must be unbiased. The term unbiased means the source must not possess any biases (Means et al. 2014). The next concept that has to be taken into consideration by me is the factor whether I am information literate or not. The term information literate means and relates to my capacity to get engaged with the data and knowledge that is available online along and the techniques that are to be applied from my side for making the interpretation of such data. Very often, it is observed through the act of people that they tend to believe every data that they see online (Salmon 2013). There are certain guidelines that are provided by the Australian and New Zealand Literacy Framework for making the identification of reliable sources that are available online. The Australian and New Zealand Literacy Framework recommended that every information-literate person must follow. The first recommendation is that the every information-literate person must make the recognition of the need of getting information. Every information-literate person must make the determination of the extent to which the information is required. Every information-literate person must make the access the information that is available much efficiently (Simpson 2013). There is the requirement of every information-literate person to make the critical evaluation of the sources of information and the information itself. There is also the requirement for every information-literate person to manipulate, store and make the classification and redrafting the information that is generated and collected. Every information-literate person must make the incorporation of the information that is selected from my database of knowledge. There is also the requirement of every information-literate person to make the usage of the information make the learning and make the creation of new knowledge and for making quick decisions and solving problems (Simonson and Zvacek 2014). There are certain advantages and disadvantages of working online in collaboration. The primary advantage is that when people collaborate to learn online, then they can make the division of work that has to be done and it also helps in the finding of proper sources of information that are required in making any particular assignment. The advantage lies in making the effective study through the division of work among the participants of collaborative learning online. In the case of any huge study, it is not possible for one person to make the research of efficient information through searching online. Hence, at the time, it is essential for making the study through collaborating online. The collaboration for making the online study also helps in the availability important information that is not available otherwise while making the individual study (Watson et al. 2014). In addition to the advantages, there are also certain disadvantages of making online study through collaboration. The primary disadvantage that can be associated with the online study through collaboration is the non-participation of all the participants in collaboration. It is seen in several conditions that the participants in the collaborative learning do not make the active participation in making the research through online. Such participants often tend to make the gain through the findings of the other participants of the collaboration. The non-participation of any participant affects the working motivation of participants that are involved working in the collaboration actively (Yan et al. 2013). The primary objective of the collaborative participation in online learning shall be that all the members shall participate actively in making the research work. This would help to address the goals of online learning through collaboration. Hence, from the above discussion the process of online learning and communication is of immense importance and helpful for the students and me. The primary process for making online learning shall involve in recognizing the credibility of the source and then analyze the data available online in the knowledge database. Reference List Buckingham, D. and Willett, R., 2013.Digital generations: Children, young people, and the new media. Routledge. Carroll, J.A., Diaz, A., Meiklejohn, J., Newcomb, M. and Adkins, B., 2013. Collaboration and competition on a wiki: The praxis of online social learning to improve academic writing and research in under-graduate students.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,29(4), pp.513-525. Giesbers, B., Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D. and Gijselaers, W., 2014. A dynamic analysis of the interplay between asynchronous and synchronous communication in online learning: The impact of motivation.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,30(1), pp.30-50. Grace, E., Raghavendra, P., Newman, L., Wood, D. and Connell, T., 2014. Learning to use the Internet and online social media: What is the effectiveness of home-based intervention for youth with complex communication needs?.Child Language Teaching and Therapy, p.0265659013518565. Jolliffe, A., Ritter, J. and Stevens, D., 2012.The online learning handbook: Developing and using web-based learning. Routledge. Kear, K., Chetwynd, F. and Jefferis, H., 2014. Social presence in online learning communities: the role of personal profiles.Research in Learning Technology,22. Means, B., Bakia, M. and Murphy, R., 2014.Learning online: What research tells us about whether, when and how. Routledge. Salmon, G., 2013.E-tivities: The key to active online learning. Routledge. Simonson, M. and Zvacek, S., 2014.Teaching and learning at a distance. Information Age Pub. Simpson, O., 2013.Supporting students in online open and distance learning. Routledge. Watson, J., Pape, L., Murin, A., Gemin, B. and Vashaw, L., 2014. Keeping pace with K-12 digital learning: An annual review of policy and practice.Evergreen Education Group. Yan, F., Sundaram, S., Vishwanathan, S.V.N. and Qi, Y., 2013. Distributed autonomous online learning: Regrets and intrinsic privacy-preserving properties.Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on,25(11), pp.2483-2493.